再思自由意志

最近因为和教会一个弟兄讨论预定论和人的自由意志问题,我再次思考这个问题,虽然我在之前的一些博文中探讨过这个问题。这个亘古弥新的问题不仅仅是一个学术问题,更是整个基督教神学构建的基础,无论是路德的因信称义还是奥古斯丁的恩典教义,都是构建于对上帝的主权和人的自由意志的理解。虽然,我可以重复前人对该问题的探讨,但我并没有发现神学家在这方面有什么新的进展。当今基督教哲学家诸如Plantinga和Craig提出中性知识和模态逻辑的理论来解释上帝只预知但不预定的理论,但是这些理论往往偏向于开放神论和阿民念主义,而忽略了改革宗基于圣经的保守解释。

我在这里想略微探讨的是人的自由意志问题。我想对改革宗的弟兄姐妹说,如果上帝的主权没有给人的自由意志任何的存在可能,人就是和机器人一样被编码为信徒和非信徒,圣经中上帝呼吁人悔改相信只是一种表面的不真诚的行动(太4:17)。也许改革宗信徒会说,上帝是用人的语言来谈论人的自由意志,人有自由行恶,没有自由行善。但是,这样的解经是非常危险的,因为我们也可以同样地来用这种双重含义来解释其他经文,进而容许圣经有双重乃至多重解释,比如前千禧年,后千禧年和无千禧年,我们可以认为它们都对,因为上帝可以从人和祂自己乃至天使的角度来启示。为了避免这样的误解,我们需要认定圣经的启示反映了上帝的本意,就像父亲给孩子写的信一样,虽然是用小孩的语言写的,但是却能够精确地表达父亲的意思。

对于阿民念信徒,我要说,如果我们的救恩和行为是由我们自己做主,我们将没有得救的确据,而且上帝不能够因为我们的得救得着真正完满的荣耀,因为我们仍然有选择相信基督的善行。所以,我要反对这种人本的福音。作为改革宗信徒,我想要讨论的不是上帝是否有绝对的主权的问题,而是上帝的主权到底有没有给人的自由意志留下一定的空间,使得人不是动物,不是机器,不是石头,而是上帝的形象。

我认为圣经中对这个问题最关键的一个经文是“人 子 必 要 去 世 , 正 如 经 上 指 着 他 所 写 的 ; 但 卖 人 子 的 人 有 祸 了 ! 那 人 不 生 在 世 上 倒 好 。”(太26:24, 可14:21, 路22:22)这段经文告诉我们上帝预定了耶稣要被卖,但是上帝并没有愿意或者“指使”犹大去卖耶稣。圣经告诉我们,是撒旦“指使”他干的,因为“这 时 , 撒 但 入 了 那 称 为 加 略 人 犹 大 的 心 ; 他 本 是 十 二 门 徒 里 的 一 个 。”(路22:3)也许有人会说,上帝可以利用撒旦来让犹大犯罪,但是圣经说,“人 被 试 探 , 不 可 说 : ‘ 我 是 被 神 试 探 ’ ; 因 为 神 不 能 被 恶 试 探 , 他 也 不 试 探 人 。”(雅各书1:13)。但是圣经中又说,“我 要 使 法 老 的 心 刚 硬 , 也 要 在 埃 及 地 多 行 神 迹 奇 事 ”(出7:3),“但 耶 和 华 使 法 老 的 心 刚 硬 , 不 容 以 色 列 人 去 。”(出10:20)这些经文似乎表明上帝主动地使得法老的心刚硬,但是圣经并没有区分到底是上帝任凭法老的心刚硬,还是祂主动地让法老产生那些刚硬的意念。总之,由这些经文我们可以看出上帝预定和人的自由意志的复杂性和神启示的丰富。

我们从以上经文看出,犹大被卖和法老的心刚硬不是上帝“指使”的,或者上帝不是全部的原因,虽然上帝预定了犹大会卖耶稣(因为这在旧约中早有预言,而且耶稣屡次提到12使徒中有人会卖他),也预定了法老会刚硬。那么对这些经文最恰当的解释是,上帝预定了人的行为,但是上帝可以不预定人产生行为的动机。因为人犯罪不是基于外在的行为,而是基于内心的动机(箴4:23, 可7:15-18)。当以色列人遵行上帝的旨意去与迦南人争战的时候,他们里面的动机如果不是信靠上帝,而是自我高举或者是基于仇恨像屠杀示剑人一样(创世记34章),他们就是在作恶。所以行为是由动机导致的,上帝预定了恶行或者外在结果,但是却没有预定人产生恶行的动机或者意念。所以,人犯罪仍然要为自己的恶行负责人,因为他的内心导致了他的行为。这是完全可能的,就像我在之前博文中所探讨的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗模拟(MCMC)一样,上帝可以使用人的自由意志这样一个随机选择的过程达到他所预定的人的恶行。这个随机选择必然会达成上帝的旨意,因为人的选择是由该选择是否会达成上帝预定的结果概率性地被决定的,用统计语言说,人的意念是由人的行为后验性的决定的,而非先验性地决定的。这种区分是关键的,因为先验性决定表明上帝完全决定人的动机和行为,但是后验性决定表明人的动机是罪恶产生的直接原因,而这些动机的产生是随机的,虽然这种随机性概率性地趋向于达成上帝所预定的恶行。

虽然上帝预定了恶行,但是上帝的目的乃是善的。因为哪怕上帝收回祂的主权或者普遍恩典,让人有更多的自由空间,人必然产生更坏的意念,更糟糕的恶行。所以,上帝是在人所有可以产生的恶行中选择那些可以实现祂美善意图的行为。需要指出的是,以上讨论局限于人的自由意志在上帝预定恶行中的主导作用。然而, 上帝是否也以同样的方式来让人行善呢?上帝当然可以在善行上预定我们的行为而非动机,进而达成祂至高的旨意。但是,善行如果没有良善的动机就不是善行,所以,如果上帝容让人自己产生意念来达成祂所预定的善行,那么人的动机很有可能是恶的,因为人在亚当夏娃犯罪之后没有行善的可能(罗马书1-2章)。这样上帝的主权必然在人的重生和成圣过程中具有更加决定性的主动权。首先祂通过让人听道外在呼召人(塑造环境),然后祂通过在人的灵魂中注入圣灵来正确回应这外在的呼召(圣灵的内召)而使人重生得救。人在得救的事情上是完全依靠上帝的主权,因为传道的人是上帝差派的(罗10:14),而圣灵也是上帝赐下的(约3:5,可1:8)。但是人在成圣中是否完全没有自由意志呢?

对于一个重生的基督徒而言,圣灵住在他里面(罗8:9),所以,他可以产生正确的动机进而产生善行。但是圣灵和人灵魂的纠缠,或者圣灵的内住,并不是为了取代或者完全掌控人的灵魂,因为“不 要 叫 神 的 圣 灵 担 忧 ; 你 们 原 是 受 了 他 的 印 记 , 等 候 得 赎 的 日 子 来 到 。”(弗4:30)所以,圣灵重生后的人的自由意志是新的自由意志,是由圣灵引导的自由意志,所以它可以产生正确的动机和对神的回应,进而使得圣徒越来越拥有基督的性情。虽然,上帝预定了我们的善行,但是我们产生善意的过程仍然是自由的或者至少具有某种随机性。具体而言,上帝预定了我们会产生善意,同时又赐给了我们圣灵,所以人的自由意志需要随机性地产生诸多善意中的一种。这样,上帝虽然预定了我们会产生善意进而产生某种善行,但是并没有先验性地决定我们会产生哪种善意进而导致那种善行。否则,如果上帝的主权没有给人自由行善留下任何空间,上帝创造人就像人创造一批会“爱”自己的机器人一样。这样的“爱”完全不具有爱的本质,这本质就是三位一体中三个位格自由地彼此相爱。虽然一个重生的人仍然会犯罪,但是他的罪已经被赦免,而且圣灵会保证重生的人一定会成圣,或者说他的灵魂一定会朝着那个越来越像基督的方向迈进。

而当一个重生的人死后在新天新地中穿上复活的身体的时候,他的灵魂不再具有犯罪的可能,这和一个没有重生的只能犯罪的人的灵魂的状态是恰好相反的。因为那个时候我们的自由意志已经被圣灵完全更新,不再具有犯罪的自由,而只会产生圣洁的动机。通过以上这些探讨,我们似乎可以完满地在加尔文主义的框架下来调和上帝的主权和人的自由意志的问题,将人的罪归因于人堕落的自由意志,将人的得救和成圣归因于神的恩典,将最终的荣耀归给三位一体的神。这样看来,在上帝主权之下的人的自由意志是被精细调节到一个恰到好处的角色以至于上帝可以极大地通过施行拯救和审判来荣耀祂自己。最后以威斯敏斯特关于人的自由意志的信条做结:


第九章 論自由意志
一、神把本性的自由賦予人的意志,這意志既不受強迫趨向
善惡,也不受本性絕對的必然所決定的去行善或作惡1。
二、人在無罪的狀態中,有自由與能力行善,並行神所喜悅
的事2,但那所有性是可變的,所以他可能從那狀態中墮落3。
三、人由于墮落在有罪的狀態中,已經完全喪失一切行任何
關乎得救的屬靈善事之意志力4;所以他既是一屬血氣的人,與善
完全相反5,又死在罪中6,就不能憑自己的能力去改變自己的心,
或預備改變自己的心7。
四、當神使罪人改心並把他遷移至恩典狀態中時,神就把他
從罪惡本性的捆綁中解放出來8,並惟獨借著瓷的恩典,使他有行
屬靈善事的意志與能力9;但因為他尚有殘余的敗壞,所以他既不
完全,也不專一立志向善,他也立志向惡10。
五、惟獨在榮耀狀態中,人的意志才能有完全與不可改變的
自由,以致向善11。

1. 太十七12;雅一14;申三十19。
2. 傳七29;創一26。
3. 創二16-17,三6。
4. 羅五6,八7;約十五5。
5. 羅三10、12。
6. 弗二1、5;西二13。
7. 約六44、65;弗二2-5;林前二14;多三3-5。
8. 西一13;約八34、36。
9. 腓二13;羅六18、22。
10. 加五17;羅七15、18-19、21、23。
11. 弗四13;西十二23;約壹三2;猶一24。

Of Free Will

I. God has endued the will of man with that natural liberty, that is neither forced, nor, by any absolute necessity of nature, determined good, or evil.[1]

II. Man, in his state of innocency, had freedom, and power to will and to do that which was good and well pleasing to God;[2] but yet, mutably, so that he might fall from it.[3]

III. Man, by his fall into a state of sin, has wholly lost all ability of will to any spiritual good accompanying salvation:[4] so as, a natural man, being altogether averse from that good,[5] and dead in sin,[6] is not able, by his own strength, to convert himself, or to prepare himself thereunto.[7]

IV. When God converts a sinner, and translates him into the state of grace, he frees him from his natural bondage under sin;[8] and, by his grace alone, enables him freely to will and to do that which is spiritually good;[9] yet so, as that by reason of his remaining corruption, he does not perfectly, or only, will that which is good, but does also will that which is evil.[10]

V. The will of man is made perfectly and immutably free to do good alone in the state of glory only.[11]

[1] MAT 17:12 But I say unto you, That Elias is come already, and they knew him not, but have done unto him whatsoever they listed. Likewise shall also the Son of man suffer of them. JAM 1:14 But every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. DEU 30:19 I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing; therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live.

[2] ECC 7:29 Lo, this only have I found, that God hath made man upright; but they have sought out many inventions. GEN 1:26 And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.

[3] GEN 2:16 And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: 17 But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. 3:6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat.

[4] ROM 5:6 For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly. 8:7 Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. JOH 15:5 I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing.

[5] ROM 3:10 As it is written, There is none righteous, no, not one. 12 They are all gone out of the way, they are together become unprofitable; there is none that doeth good, no, not one.

[6] EPH 2:1 And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins. 5 Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved). COL 2:13 And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses.

[7] JOH 6:44 No man can come to me, except the Father which hath sent me draw him: and I will raise him up at the last day. 65 And he said, Therefore said I unto you, that no man can come unto me, except it were given unto him of my Father. EPH 2:2 Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience: 3 Among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others. 4 But God, who is rich in mercy, for his great love wherewith he loved us, 5 Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;). 1CO 2:14 But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned. TIT 3:3 For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another. 4 But after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appeared, 5 Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost.

[8] COL 1:13 Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son. JOH 8:34 Jesus answered them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. 36 If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed.

[9] PHI 2:13 For it is God which worketh in you both to will and to do of his good pleasure. ROM 6:18 Being then made free from sin, ye became the servants of righteousness. 22 But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life.

[10] GAL 5:17 For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that ye cannot do the things that ye would. ROM 7:15 For that which I do I allow not: for what I would, that do I not; but what I hate, that do I. 18 For I know that in me(that is, in my flesh,) dwelleth no good thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which is good I find not. 19 For the good that I would I do not: but the evil which I would not, that I do. 21 I find then a law, that, when I would do good, evil is present with me. 23 But I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members.

[11] EPH 4:13 Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ. HEB 12:23 To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect. 1JO 3:2 Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be like him; for we shall see him as he is. JUD 24 Now unto him that is able to keep you from falling, and to present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy.


 

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